CHAPTER SIX - AN ORGANIC VIEW OF COSMOLOGY. HOW STARS FORM AND OPERATE AS ONE INTERACTING ECOLOGY

THIS IS THE MOMENT OF OUR CREATION

CHAPTER SIX AN ORGANIC VIEW OF COSMOLOGY.

HOW STARS FORM AND OPERATE AS ONE INTERACTING ECOLOGY “Todays popular cosmology stirs public imagination with weird and wonderful possibilities all based on mathematics far beyond the interest and comprehension of most mortals. Working forward from a conjectured primordial state the theorists would have us believe that they have solved the primary riddles of the cosmos,-that they are on the verge of completing a theory of everything. We believe differently. The fundamental mistake of standard cosmology is its dismissal of electricity in space. Devotion to an electrically neutral gravity driven universe has turned cosmology into a playground for mathematicians, and this turn of events was possible only because todays cosmologists lack the training to see the most compelling message of the space age- that this is an electric universe”. Wal Thornhill. Thornhill voices the exasperation at the way astronomy is going. Hannes Alfven the father of modern plasma cosmology in his acceptance speech on receiving the Noble Prize for physics in 1970 had this to say: “The cosmical plasma physics of today is to some extent the playground of the theoreticians who have never seen a plasma in a laboratory. Many of them still believe in formulas which we know from laboratory experiments to be wrong. Several of the basic concepts on which theories of cosmical physics are founded are not applicable to the condition prevailing in the cosmos. They are generally accepted by most theoreticians, they are developed with the most sophisticated mathematical methods, and it is only the plasma itself which does not understand how beautiful the theories are, and absolutely refuses to obey them.” In the dispute between the orthodox and alternative schools of astronomy, the principal difference is how can electricity operate in virtually empty space and how can it form currents light years long? If currents can`t form, the stars have to be self-sufficient energy producers and the only universal power is gravity and nuclear fusion. Electro- magnetism is far stronger of course but, it is argued, only at close range not across interstellar spaces. This was the problem that faced Maxwell; – how can alternating electric and magnetic actions cross the emptiness. He invented a displacement current to get round it. I argue that the actions are in the contiguity and occur once only and there is no photon carrying the actions. But in astronomy real currents of real electrons and protons have to travel across space and there are numerous observed examples of them everywhere. Only these currents can explain the extensive magnetic fields detected out there, and the observed features of our Sun, which are those of a globe with a cool interior and a surface blazing with lightning, with currents flowing in and out, because it is acting as a positively charged anode to its surroundings. Both camps offer strong arguments pro and con. How can plasma currents form in near vacuum, and how can charges separate so extensively when they have such a mighty power of attraction? Why don’t they recombine almost instantly? These objections can be answered by the alternative cosmology. These answers will show how cunning Nature is in reconciling and balancing attraction and repulsion, uniting and dividing, and how everything is used and nothing is wasted. How galaxies operate and how stars shine requires a long and complex explanation which will take up a whole chapter although some of it has already been sketched out in chapters four and five. HOW STAR FORMING CURRENT S ORIGINATE. I begin at the origins. The origins of anything in this cosmos stretch back into the eternal and the infinite and the immaterial, and this applies to galaxies. The cosmos of galaxies is set in space, and beyond space is the vacuum potential which is not extensioned into distances, sequences of events or individuality. Beyond our space it is all complete together as the contiguity, but it is opened out by the actions of the cosmos into the cosmos. All matter emerges directly from the vacuum potential. There have always been galaxies and at the centre of every one is an electro-magnetic structure – a plasmoid drawing potential matter from the vacuum actualising it into the primary matter of individual positrons and electrons. How the plasmoids are structured and organised and how they work we do not yet know, nor how the electron positron pairs combine into nucleons. Once actualised this atomic matter is distributed to every star by a vast network of electric currents. These can be observed by the effects their electro-magnetic fields have on the light we receive that interacted with them, as well as the way stars form in long chains along them. The infinite resources of the vacuum potential are totally present at every point in the cosmos and can be drawn directly and inexhaustibly at any point. There are no currents from elsewhere in intergalactic space funnelling into the plasmoids from outside. Here I must part company with the Electric Universe camp who propose that gigantic intergalactic currents spiral across the voids and contain the material to produce galaxies and rotate them. The mathematician Anthony Peratt, using powerful computer banks was able to simulate the formation of spiral galaxies from such colossal intergalactic currents. The illustrations of how two currents can coalesce into a spiral just like many galaxies, is very convincing but, I argue, they are not the way galaxies form. Instead they illustrate what happens to the quasars forming in the centres of already existing galaxies as primary matter actualises directly from the vacuum and combines into nucleons of atomic matter. Matter can only be formed within galaxies and any outside them has been expelled from them. Wherever intense energy is applied to the vacuum, electron positron pairs appear. At a less intense level the influence of charge on the vacuum is to slightly separate the dormant charges there and allow them to transmit charge across their limitless multitude and enable charge and magnetism to operate instantly across cosmic distances. This is Hotson`s brilliant insight. This is why all space is a dynamic ever changing mosaic of electric and magnetic fields that shape everything. The plasmoid and the quasar it is forming are already rotating within the parent galaxy and the primary matter pouring in from the vacuum forms a spiral immediately, not over millions of years. There is visible evidence that the plasmoid at the centre of our galaxy has a spiral and several nearby galaxies show the same. Peratt`s simulations are a window into the development of a quasar. Then as a quasar grows Arp`s observations throw further light on how it develops. These computer simulations cannot explain how or where such stupendous galaxy forming currents could have originated. They leave that an open question which future observations may solve. My objection is they haven’t been observed; but above all, those vast voids are ultra-tenuous with only a few particles per cubic metre and there seems no way that this could be gathered into the billions of galaxies that we see. I argue that potential matter is not spread over all intergalactic space but is all potentially present at any point of stimulation. As this potential matter actualises into the primary matter of electrons and positrons it forms a quasar at the centre of the plasmoid. Then using the observations of Arp, it begins as a tiny point of light and gradually grows and develops. Within it the primary matter is combined into protons and neutrons which is atomic matter- the third stage of creation. It can be likened, quite closely I think, to an embryo developing towards maturity. As explained in an earlier chapter, the protons and neutrons begin as small numbers of constituent electron positron pairs and so have low mass. Therefore the atoms of hydrogen and helium they form are smaller and radiate at lower energy and show high redshift and low luminosity. In quantum stages they increase in nucleon mass and the quasar they are forming moves away from its parent galaxy waxing brighter and reducing in redshift. Eventually it becomes a small but normal galaxy in the vicinity of its parent. How quasars develop at this early stage can explain how currents can spread across them and stars can form within them. WHAT KIND OF CURRENTS ARE THEY? I follow the Electric Universe view of Thornhill, Scott and Johnson, that all stars are connected by electric currents that supply them with matter and power. I disagree on what kind of currents they are. Following standard electrical theory they assume the currents must be circuits with opposite charges flowing in opposite directions and forming a continuous circular current. In the Essential Guide in the Electric Universe website they write: “Unless charge is flowing from an electrostatic source to a sink, then it will form part of a closed circuit. In space the circuit may not always be obvious because the conditions are often invisible and may close the circuit at vast distances from the areas of interest, but they must close somewhere.” I maintain that currents from source to sink are one way supply currents. To talk of circuits over vast distances closing, is to beg the question of how that is possible in the tenuousness of interstellar space, and the tone of the statement seems to be one of hopeful belief. One needs to concentrate on the electrons and protons that are these currents and the all- powerful forces they can exert. I argue that there are no circuits in space. They have to be one way flows of particles and power connected to every single star that shines. This current network radiating out from the central plasmoid is continuously supplied from the inexhaustible vacuum potential which is entirely present at every point and only needs stimulation. The whole current network that will power a galaxy grows out from a central originating point when the quasar that will develop into the galaxy begins. From its origin there was always a network of currents and nascent stars forming along them in the infant galaxy. As the quasar develops, its atomic matter increases in mass towards its present value, (as we measure it in our galaxy.) If they are not circuits but one way flows, how do they work? I argue as follows: their ultimate constituents are the electron positron pairs that alone comprise potential, primary and atomic matter, and in all these states they are paired to one another. The protons they constitute remain paired to their orbital electrons when in atoms. That relationship is between the positron on the surface of the proton and its electron partner which, in an atom, would be in the orbital system around it. In the star forming currents they do not combine into atoms but remain associated but separate. In this situation the electron leads and the proton follows. It hauls the proton along - it is a ‘hauling current’. Here I am following the theory of Aspden. Electrons move at least 43 times faster than protons, (43 being the square root of 1836 the proton`mass. ) I propose that the extra energy of the electrons is used up in hauling the protons paired to them. They fall into line, one behind the other; the protons attracted to the electrons which pull them forward. These lines extend continuously from plasmoid to star each one of which is a positive anode attractive to electrons. There are quadrillions of these lines each of which induces a magnetic field to curl around it. These lines of current are attracted towards each other but repel at close range and wind around each other forming great filamentary ropes of charge perhaps a third of a light year wide. Their short range repulsion prevents them from touching at the centre of the rope. This leaves a hollow cylinder along the centre into which ionised and partly ionised material from the galactic atmosphere can collect as the electro-magnetic forces of the rope draw it in. These currents do not have to follow a magnetic field, or be drawn along by an electric field external to them. This is because the electron proton attraction directs them forward towards stellar anodes. In standard electrical theory and experiments, a current can form in plasma when the moving charged particles encounter a magnetic field and under the Lorentz force are turned and then spiral along it. They will also accelerate along it if drawn by an electric field. The polarity of the field draws protons one way and electrons the opposite way thus setting up a circuit of oppositely flowing charges. In a metal wire the protons are fixed in the metal lattice of atoms and cannot move. When an electric field is applied to the wire the electrons In the atoms can be detached and can move along the lattice, but if they are to keep moving they have to go round in an endless circle, and as long as they can move they can do work. In discharge tubes the electric field is between two electrodes, one positive and the other negative. The electrons in the gas of the tube must flow to the positive anode and the ions must flow to the negative cathode. The particles flow oppositely but don’t flow round and round; they end at the electrodes. The same applies if charge flows in a liquid or if applied to materials between charged plates when it is polarised. These situations are in earthly conditions across short distances and never in a vacuum as tenuous as outer space. But I argue that this standard physics does not apply to star forming currents. They don’t need an external magnetic or electric field because their origin is primordial and starts from a central point when the infant galaxy first began, which became the source of all the power and particles, that grew out from it. The formation of these star forming currents; their nucleon mass increase and the quasar growth all occur together, not in stages. It all originated as the quasar originated and developed into the nascent galaxy. From the origin of that galaxy its currents have always had stars that have concentrated along them. So they don’t need a magnetic field to give them a direction or an electric field to pull on them. The electron proton pairs within them are linear flows from source to load and have been like that from the start. The electric fields are exerted by the stars forming along them which are all positive anodes and draw the electrons of the current toward them. They are linear smooth flowing laminar flows and are cold for they do not collide and none of them are combined into atoms. If they did form atoms the current would congeal and stop like a water pipe freezing. As each current approaches each star Its positive anode influence draws the electrons in the current towards its surface and the protons must follow. This only applies locally within the star`s sphere of influence, perhaps a light year or two. But the current is vast and dynamic driven by the mighty force of charge has enormous inertia and has always been flowing. Each star only needs to attract some of it onto its charged surface. These are not the sort of currents that may form spontaneously in space from whatever plasma motions might cross magnetic fields and be caught up in them and flow for a while. Such currents do occur spontaneously all over space but they are not star forming currents and are not part of the structure of the galaxy, they are features of its ever changing atmosphere. They will be described later in this chapter. The radial network of star forming currents makes the galaxy rigid for it is like a circulatory and skeletal system which is continuous, ceaselessly active and completely stable. This explains why galaxies rotate as rigid but not solid disks, with their stars moving at very similar orbital speeds whether near the centre or out at the periphery. The magnetic sleeves curled around these currents tighten and speed up the current and as they do so the current intensifies the magnetic force which tightens and speeds up the current… until a balance of forces is reached; but by then the particles in the current are moving at near light speed with consequent relativistic distance reduction. This reduces the distance from source to load for the particles and makes the galaxy a small place quickly served and so maintains its unity and cohesion. HOW CURRENTS FORM STARS At the centres of these tightly bound, counter rotating currents their magnetic fields repel and leave an empty space along the length of their centres. The magnetic field of the current is exerted along a line, not from the centre of a sphere, and therefore its attractive power is inverse not inverse -square; so it can reach out further and more powerfully. (If distance increased four times, inverse would reduce the attraction by a quarter, but inverse-square would reduce attraction to a sixteenth). The current draws in ionised matter from the surrounding atmosphere. It exerts an electric attraction on electrons and ions alike and on any ionised gas and dust. The protons and electrons of the current being separate can exert their attractive force separately. They all draw opposite charges towards them with equal power and in the same direction. The current exerts a combined polarity in one direction. (It is combined polarity that draws currents towards each other.) The ionised material from the atmosphere is accelerated towards the current but is turned to follow the curl of the magnetic field enclosing the current. Both the current and its magnetic sleeve will spiral together along their common axis while remaining parallel to each other. Mathematical analysis shows that current and magnetic sleeve interact so that they tend to spiral forward together and the magnetic sleeve is pulled forward to stay parallel to the current. In other words it is not curled round at right angles to the current but curls in the same forward direction. This means that material accelerated towards the current is turned in the direction of the current and enters it near relativistic speed. It can pass through the surrounding current lines, which are not solid but just streaming particles associated but separate. Drawn in from vast volumes over long eons of time, enough material accumulates and flows along the centre of the current to form stars. This inner space is hundreds of millions of kilometres in diameter. Its material enters having been accelerated by the electro- magnetic field of the current and spirals along the interior following the current. This material is not the protons and electrons of the hauling current. That current is the outer lining of the inner space. The electrons, protons and sundry ions of the atmosphere drawn into the inner space, have been separated and scattered by the forces of space and cannot form the highly organised and directed and near light speed current electrons and protons newly created in the central plasmoid. The collected material is predominantly hydrogen and helium and nuclei of other elements expelled by stars. The helium is the repository of the neutrons made in the plasmoid. These hydrogen and helium atoms originally composed the atmosphere of the quasar that became the galaxy. As it is being drawn in from space it can by collisions ionize or entrain neutral atoms and move them in also. It all moves forward in the current centre space at varying speeds and radii of gyration, but none of it is at the close to light speed of the hauling current. As it spirals along it radiates away its excess energy and becomes smooth linear and cold. How does it form separate spherical stars? Electric Universe theory maintains that stars form where the currents are pinched inwards by their own magnetic forces due to instabilities in the currents. In lab experiments, high voltage current passing through plasma will form spirals and they tend to approach and twine around each other. They can compress between them any material in the plasma. This is the ‘Bennett pinch’ and can compress matter into strings and filaments which are observed all over space. I argue that the hauling currents are extremely stable and the cause of pinches is instabilities in the material flowing down their centres or else events outside the current. The causes of pinching are not fully understood but examples of them are manifest as hourglass shaped nebulae all over the galaxy. I argue that when a pinch inwards occurs the current constricts and the material at the centre is condensed and non -ionised material such as dust and atoms piles up and slows down. They are then no longer attracted forward by the current and just coast along by their inertia. More neutral material flowing behind plies up with it and the mass grows. Ionised particles in the core flow on past the neutral mass and continue with the current. As the neutral mass continues to grow and be compressed by the pinch, gravity can take hold and collect it into a stellarsphere of cold nano positive hydrogen. The interior facing filaments of the hauling current will be attracted to the positive nascent star and ignite it. This presumably ends the pinch. In this way, I propose, stars are formed within the currents. Increasing particle density collecting at the centre of the current causes radiative cooling and recombination of electrons protons and nuclei into atoms. Every element has a characteristic energy at which it recombines from an ionised state. This occurs as the energy of the particles reduces. The stellarsphere condenses from the hydrogen and helium gases, with the tiny percentage of atoms of the heavier elements scattered in the interior. STARS ARE POSITIVE ANODES. We now consider a star that has formed and is fully functioning. As the hauling current approaches the positive attraction of the star, it is moving at near c. The electrons leading are attracted to the positive anode but the more massive protons are repelled and pull back. This slows down the current and as the distance reduces repulsion increases, and as it reaches the surface it has slowed to a few hundred km a second. At the surface electrons and protons can combine to hydrogen atoms. It is a discharging surface all over the star, and that is how stars shine. How brightly a star shines depends on its mass of nano polarised hydrogen in its interior which determines the overall quantity of its positive charge – its Anode Mass. It is the anode mass that draws in the current and that current is exactly equated to it. As long as that mass is unvarying the current that it attracts is unvarying. Because the load demand is unvarying, then the source from the inexhaustible vacuum will be unvarying, and because of relativistic distance reduction it all rapidly balances. Instabilities and cyclical oscillations of a star are quite common as the current density flowing in reacts to internal magnetic forces and currents. Our Sun for example has an eleven year cycle of sunspot activity and solar wind. As previously explained in earlier chapters the interior of a star is mainly hydrogen in its least energetic ground state in very cool still conditions and then gravity can very slightly polarise the protons and uncover just enough positive charge repulsion to hold the star in balance as a cool still stellarsphere This is a dynamic balancing of charge repulsion and confining gravity. That balance alters as the mass increases. The minimum stellarsphere is probably a Jupiter sized anode mass of hydrogen. There is every indication that our gas giant planets have low density hydrogen interiors that could be held up by nano repulsion. The only practical way to prove this might be to send a probe deep into Jupiter`s interior. How brightly a star shines depends on its mass of neutral cold hydrogen in its interior which determines its nano positive anode mass. It is the anode mass that draws in the current and that current is exactly equated to it. Stars vary widely in mass and consequently in brightness, spectral class and surface temperature. The HR diagram shows a clear relation between small dwarf stars radiating dimly in red light with surfaces of only one or two thousand degrees; and giants at the top end of the curve shining blue white at 50,000 degrees and 100,000 times as bright as our Sun; which is in the middle of the range in size, brightness and spectral class. The difference in size means a difference in anode mass and a consequent difference in the current density pulled in by that mass. The mass of a star depends on what happened to the star forming current that collected it. Material drawn in from the galactic atmosphere can vary in density, speed, ionisation and chemical composition. If the current passes through thin regions it produces dwarfs, and in rich pastures it can produce giants. Such varying conditions depend on what all the stars puff out. Very large stars become unstable because the current faithfully follows the anode mass and current density can become excessive. As a star grows in mass its volume increases by the cube but its surface area only by the square, so very large mass stars are pulling in the current matching their mass and volume but it is discharging on an inadequate surface. The electrical discharging intensifies and the gravity cannot prevent the surface from lifting outwards to accommodate the current, and of course the anode tufts are hotter and closer together. The star is current stressed and becomes unstable. Its outer layers may then peel off entirely and the star fissions into two or more smaller stars with smaller anode masses but a larger surface area between them. They will be less bright and lower temperature and spectral class. This fissioning is the likely cause of the many binary and multiple stars we see. In this way the giant O and B stars can adjust anode mass and current density. Their anode repulsion exceeds gravity and the surface can lift off and peel away. Beyond the giant O and B are even larger ones called red giants. The bright red star Betelgeuse in Orion is a good example. Its mass is between 20 and 50 times the Sun and its anode repulsion exceeds its gravity which can only just hold it together. It is very unstable, and as its contrary forces strive to balance, it pulsates its vast tenuous volume outwards and inwards. Its diameter varies between 400 million km and 900 million km which would put its outer surface expanding from Jupiter`s orbit to that of Saturn. Because its gravity can barely hold its anode repulsion its density is only a thousandth of our atmosphere. It has been called a red hot vacuum. This vast anode mass still pulls in the full current for that mass, and Betelgeuse copes by reducing density and expanding its surface which glows red hot with a prodigious total output but spread over a prodigious surface area. It discharges in the glow mode, not the arc mode, for its surface is not dense enough to provide a photosphere like the Sun. It shines brilliantly in red light and if it were placed where our Sun is it would boil away all the planets. Red giants are as large as stars can get before repulsion completely beats gravity and aborts their formation. At the opposite end of the HR diagram are the white dwarfs. These are small dim but very hot, and shining in white light not characteristic for their size. Their light shows line splitting typical of severe electrical stress. The most likely origin for them is that they were formed from the outer material of large stars that fissioned and peeled off their outer layers which collected into these small stars. Their composition has a higher proportion of higher elements, they are denser and their surface area is reduced by a higher gravity. The current still discharges onto it to match its interior anode mass. Using the Electric star reasoning we can predict that stress fissioning of stars will show: a gamma ray burst, followed by a visible nova outburst, then a star rapidly changing temperature luminosity and spectral type as its mass redistributes and its charging current reduces. There will be a remnant spherical cloud of shining gas and a binary pair of smaller stars will emerge. This has been observed on at least a dozen occasions in the last hundred years. THE SURFACES OF STARS. As the current reaches the Sun, or any star, it sets up secondary currents circulating round and round in the surface layers between the Sun`s magnetic poles. The whole surface circulates as a unity. These currents induce magnetic fields that loop around them and extend out beyond the photosphere and provide the energetic turmoil of the Sun`s surface. On that surface electrons and protons land and combine into Hydrogen, and the discharging lightning columns pull up higher elements already formed from below the surface. This is mainly helium. Clouds of hot glowing helium are observed around the edges of sunspots drawn up from below that can supply the neutrons which act as catalysts to produce further elements. This we know occurs on the Sun`s surface where 68 different elements have been detected. This is the fourth stage of matter creation. Most of this material then sinks into the cool still interior and combines into molecular matter, the fifth stage of creation and which can build planets. This is the organic view of the creation of galaxies, stars and planets. Like organisms they begin tiny and grow outwards. Planets are birthed out of stars; quasars are birthed out of galaxies and stars are birthed out of star forming currents. Planets with atmospheres have auroral circuits where ions and electrons flow back and forth between the poles. Circuits are possible in dense environments in planets and stars but not in the near emptiness of space where it is impossible to see how a circulation could form across such vast distances from so little. Most of the electrons and protons of the current reaching the star combine into neutral atoms and are held by gravity, but there are a considerable proportion of protons that are repelled from the anode surface before they can combine and be held. They stream out as the stellar wind and it draws their associated electrons after them. Although the electrons are attracted back to the surface the protons are closer to them and continuous in their attraction and the electrons follow but in less orderly fashion. The electrons hold the protons back and slow down the outward acceleration. (This is the opposite of the current approaching the star, where the electrons led and the protons followed and pulled back.) All stars will have this outward flow and the larger the star the larger it will be as anode repulsion increases against gravity. This outward flow from the photosphere explains the strange anomaly of an atmospheric layer of the sun called the chromosphere, a few thousand km above the 6000 degree photosphere and yet only 4000 degrees. Then above that the temperature rises sharply to several hundred thousand degrees in the lower corona and several million in its upper levels. The outward streaming protons are driven by electric force and are smooth laminar flows that do not have much random motions and do not collide much and so do not heat up. This explains their lower temperature and more reddish light in the chromosphere, but as they ascend higher they enter the turbulent upper atmosphere of the Sun – the corona – and are randomised and collide more and radiate more energetically. This anode flow can punch holes in the photosphere and through the corona. Then the temperature at these holes is seen to be much lower than their surroundings. The holes in the photosphere are the sunspots, tens of thousands of km in diameter, and clearly show a much lower temperature deep below the surface. Strong magnetic fields form around the spots which these electric currents have induced. These deep pits three or four thousand km deep and 2000 degrees cooler down there, are evidence of a cool interior which is not convecting heat up to the surface from a central furnace. These sunspot cavities clearly show a discharging surface with vast tornadic fiery columns of electric lightning which we can see side on lining their walls. On the rest of the Sun`s surface we see the tops of these fiery columns from above packed close together. We can see them forming and waxing over a period of a few minutes, then fading away to be replaced by others. Vivid pictures of these phenomena can be seen on the Electric Universe website, ‘pictures of the day’. The Sun like every star is definitely an anode but there is no negative cathode at the heliosphere boundary far beyond the furthest planets. At the boundary of the heliosphere there is believed to be a charge separated double layer where some particles combine to atoms and the rest accelerate across it into inter-stellar space. Ralph Juergens, who first proposed the Electric Star theory, expected a flow of electrons towards the Sun at relativistic speed because he thought that the inter-planetary space was the cathode from which the negative electric field of inter-stellar space would flow and be sufficient to power the Sun. We do not observe any such mass flow inwards; instead dust and gas can drift slowly inwards pulled by gravity and unaffected by the solar wind. There is a charge separated double layer at the outer boundary of the Sun`s influence and the atmosphere of its solar system. It is several billion km beyond Pluto. Here a balance is struck between material flowing out and flowing in. Flowing outwards from the Sun (or any star) is a vast quantity of protons repelled by the Sun and pulling their attendant electrons behind them. At the boundary they meet a slow drift of electrons from interstellar space pulling their attendant protons in towards the positive Sun. Protons pulled back meet electrons pulled back and that creates a charge separation. Some of these particles combine to atoms, and a concentration of atoms has been detected there. The rest accelerate across the charge gap and enter outer space or drift inwards combining into atoms as they move deeper into the solar system atmosphere. PLASMA IN SPACE. Here it is necessary to give an explanation of what a double layer is and how it produces charge separation of positive and negative charges. It is because electrons are far faster than protons and ions. This difference dominates the behaviour of all free flying particles in space. Let us take the most easily visualisable case first. If plasma is contained within a laboratory tube, the electrons and ions will impact on its walls with a frequency proportional to their velocity. On impact the particles are absorbed. The rate of electron impact will be many times greater than any of the ions and the walls will acquire a negative charge. As this intensifies further, electrons approaching will tend to be repelled and only the fastest will reach the surface. The negative charge will continue to increase until the number of electrons fast enough to reach the surface, and the number of slower ions attracted to the negative charge reach a balance, although the number of electrons on the surface is still in the majority. Most electrons approaching will be repelled away and will build up behind the ions approaching and will pull them back by charge attraction. Because they are held back a slight separation of charge develops between electrons at the surface and ions a short distance away. It is subtle but powerful given the strength of charge and the vast numbers of particles involved. In the plasma of interplanetary space any solid body large or small will acquire a negative surface. A charge separation builds up around it called a sheath. It is a defining characteristic of plasma that it forms sheaths around any object within it, something that neutral gas will never do. For instance, the Pioneer and Voyager space probes launched in the1970s have over the years built up negative surfaces which the positive Sun pulls back on and has caused the probes to slightly decelerate from the outward speed they were expected to have if the solar system was only dominated by gravity and not by electrical forces as well. All the planets have negative charge relative to the positive solar wind and have sheaths to separate them from the solar particles. The Earth is a negative body in a positive heliosphere and has a large potential difference with it, but we are protected from a violent discharge because of our plasma sheath thousands of miles above us. Most of the voltage drop exists within the double layer of that sheath. If the Earth is charged we should expect currents to flow towards that positive wind. Solar out bursts and mass ejections cause lightning and auroras in our atmosphere. As solar ions cross the sheath, jets of electrons flow outwards above the magnetic poles to meet them. The electrical systems of Earth and Sun are connected and thunder and lightning storms at the surface complete an electrical pathway between Earth and space lighting up huge ‘sprites and other ionosphere lights hundreds of km above. They light up milliseconds after the surface lightning beneath them. The storm, the lightning and the sprites are the spark of a celestial current linking us to space and rising through decreasing density. Double layers and charge separation also occur in open space where there are no surfaces but there are regions of different densities, temperature, ionisation, chemical composition and above all velocities that distinguish electrons from ions. It is not at all easy to visualise how they occur out there and the text books are rather vague on detail, but they certainly occur widely at boundaries between different regions of space, such as the boundary between the Sun`s domain and that of interstellar space and no doubt that applies to all stars. How wide these double layers are in space, whether kilometres or only metres we do not know. It is possible that giant stars with very powerful anode repulsion can drive very fast stellar winds constantly accelerating over a very extensive heliosphere and further accelerated across a double layer, and could produce the extremely high energy cosmic particles. For all stars the anode is at the surface and the cathode is the separation of charge at the boundary. Ionised matter flows out into interstellar space and restocks the galactic atmosphere while neutral material drifts in from that atmosphere and some of it falls onto planets. In this chapter I have given in outline my theory of star forming currents, how they power stars and draw in the galactic atmosphere to form them. They are one way hauling currents where the attraction and repulsion of particles provides their power. Their magnetic fields provide cohesion and draw in material. They connect every star in the galaxy directly and because they are primordial they serve as its structure from the start. They cannot break or fail or become unstable. When they enter the dense atmospheres of stars they produce circulating current circuits between the magnetic poles which they could not do in interstellar space. Out in the tenuousness of the galactic atmosphere away from stars and star forming currents, a different kind of plasma current can form which is ephemeral and localised but vital to the economy of the galaxy. Here we can follow the well-known laws of electro-magnetism studied in carefully arranged experiments. But in applying them we have to take into account the extreme sparseness of the plasma out there and its powerful long range interactions and the vast distances involved. Consider a volume of plasma of many kinds of ions and atoms and electrons drifting in space. There are no regions which are exclusively positive or negative out there. The forces of the cosmos can easily separate charges and constantly do so, but their love for each other conquers all and space always works to be neutral. In the laboratory situation there can be a positive anode and a negative cathode some metres apart and a powerful electric field between them drawn from the mains. Then the ions fly one way and the electrons the opposite way and they end their flight at the electrodes. They can only form a circuit if moving in a metal wire where the electrons can go round and round. There are no such set ups in outer space. Separate but associated ions and electrons may drift across a magnetic field almost certainly exerted by some distant star forming current of which there are multitudes. Under the Lorentz force the drifting plasma is turned into the field and under their inertia they all spiral in the same direction along the magnetic field. There is no electric field to separate them for there is no concentration of negative charge at one end and no concentration of positive charge at the other. Instead there is a diffuse weak positive electric field exerted by millions of distant stars, all anodes, which can give the nascent current a pull in some direction. The current will form a magnetic field around itself as a confining sleeve and it can attract plasma from the surrounding atmosphere. It will tighten around the current and accelerate it until a balance is reached. The electrons in the current are attracted by the weak positive stellar field and pull the ions after them, but these currents are not star forming for they have no specific star to serve and no load to discharge onto. They do not have an inexhaustible plasmoid source or even a star exhausting matter, they just originate from drifts in space and have no load to work on. They are ephemeral and after a few light years they become unstable as double layers form in them and they eventually disperse. But they have collected material and accelerated it and have helped keep the galactic atmosphere stirred up and active. If they flow near a star forming current they can be pulled in and become star forming material. Everywhere stars and galaxies are exhausting excess matter into space enriching it and maintaining the recycling economy of the cosmos. As well as jets from unstable stars we also observe gigantic plumes from active galaxies flowing from their rotational poles and extending for hundreds of thousands of light years. They are all tightly collimated currents that only magnetic force could contain, and they all disperse in a cloud of radiating matter. They have a source which may supply them for millions of years but they have no load to act upon and so cannot endure, but they help recycle everything. As they are acting outwards from a positive anode source the ions are repelled and lead the electrons as in a stellar wind. (Within a galaxy exhaust currents from stars are led by ions heading into the weak positive field of the galaxy which will slow them down so that such currents are short and soon disperse). The exhaust currents of galaxies are also led by the ions but are heading into intergalactic space with virtually no positive field and so can flow for vast distances, but as they have no load they must eventually disperse. Although most galaxies are spiral in shape there are many elliptical ones roughly spherical or egg shaped and often larger than spirals. Their stars seem to mill around in all directions like a swarm of bees, in contrast to the coherent circling disk of spirals. I suggest that they might originate when a plasmoid forms two nascent quasars at the same time, which come in contact, and rotating oppositely disturb their spiral structures and rotations and become disordered star piles. Their network of star forming currents continues to function, holding the nascent elliptical galaxies together as they grow. There are various sizes of ellipticals and there are intermediate forms between spirals and ellipticals. All galaxies are surrounded by numerous satellite globular clusters of stars, ranging from a few millions to scores of billions. They form tightly packed spheres and revolve around their parent galaxy in highly elliptical orbits that pass through the disk of the galaxy. I suggest they originate from quasars that did not grow sufficiently before leaving their parent and could not form into spirals and escape its gravity. Every galaxy is different because its atmosphere is different due to billions of stars expelling material at their own rates and quantities. This is a context that has a freedom, unpredictability and variety which makes each production of a quasar different on each occasion. Every galaxy is different and this means that the electro-magnetic forces operating in it to construct a plasmoid can act differently on each occasion and quasars can have different developments. In this cosmos no two planets, stars, quasars or galaxies are ever quite the same. -------------------------------- A SPIRITUAL VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE. OUR HUMSN SITUATION “But if any far off state there be dearer than life to mortality The hand of the dark hath hold thereof And mist is under the mist above. So we are sick for life and cling on earth to this nameless and shining thing The other life is a fountain sealed and the deeps above are unrevealed And we drift on legends forever.” Euripides. We are offspring of the whole Universe, and neither the genome that our bodies emerge from, nor the spirit that animates that body has any finite origin. We have freedom to be co-creators of the cosmos. It must be remembered that we are as infinitesimals in an infinity. We each have a unique and single standpoint in the midst of our particular cosmos in the midst of an infinite Universe. Events flood towards us incessantly, and possibilities for action confront us at every turn. These events and possibilities are a motley collection of good and evil, chaotic and orderly, they seem to come from a source that is both orderly and disorderly. That is to see it from our view point which is a very tiny window into reality. But it is a real and true window and not a film show of illusions. The unpredictable is what we must see, as the source of our eventum is our cosmos being created. We exist at a place in space and a moment in time, but the Universe is spaceless and timeless. Infinity is in the spaceless and eternity is in the timeless, so they have no size and no duration and no limit. Their self generation has no limit and is unceasing. The Universe endlessly generates possibilities by its continuous activity which is reconciled into coherent order. The infinite and eternal cosmos emerges from the universal possibilities. We are in the midst of this and as conscious spirits we have a share in its creation. What is ordering the unpredictable? – it is the Universe as a whole that is ordering it. That is how we must see it from our standpoint in our locality and lifetime. But in the universal view, `sub specie aeternitatis,` there is nothing random, for all is being reconciled into coherence and order tota simul, and that stands beyond the flood of evens and possibilities that we have to endure and cope with. That is the infinite and the eternal and the perfect and `complete` that we are set in the midst of. From our point of view it is still in process of creation into order, and this is the moment of creation. In this moment we are conscious and intelligent spirits and can freely choose or reject possibilities and in our limited way be co-creators of the ordered cosmos. This applies not only to the human race on Earth but to all conscious intelligent races elsewhere in the infinite cosmos that has given them life. The Universe creates itself by means of what it creates. The Universe is perfect and `complete`, but we see it from within the act of creation as it is happening to us at a local point and moment. We experience the `calculation` being worked out, and possibilities being chosen or rejected all around us, and we have to take part in the creation. Because we are in the midst of it, it isn’t complete for us, and the universal reconciliation into order is now occurring. In a previous chapter I defined what I meant by `complete`. It is not the usual notion of something brought to perfection and remaining unchanging like a work of art. The Universe is dynamic not static. The Universe works by the ultimate logic and rationality that cannot fail and will never cease. It is the ultimate perpetual motion; the eternal whirling wheel. This perfection of Action behind all events is what the ancient Chinese philosophers called The Tao. I use the Greek term THE HARMONEIA on which the eternity and perfection of the Universe is founded. It will always go on working perfectly. The universal reconciliation is the activity of all logic and morality as well as the forward direction of all events we experience as time. What is in accordance with the reconciliation is the Good and what is not is incomplete, wrong, irrational or evil. Only conscious creatures who can choose deliberately are obliged to participate in the ongoing reconciliation and must set their thinking and decisions and actions in the universal context. Human history shows how difficult it is. Yet over the millennia humanity has partially unified and learned from its ignorance and mistakes and has deepened its understanding of Nature. Slowly the reconciliation is at work behind the events even in our earthly world where creation is only in process. The full reconciliation of human affairs is continued and ultimately completed in the life beyond this one for we are immortal spirits not material things. As we must see it, the Universe presents us with both necessity and freedom. The necessity is the laws of Nature, maths and logic which is the work of the Universe using those possibilities which create an ordered material cosmos we can exist in. The creation of particles, atoms, molecules, matter and organisms is the activity that only the Universe does. This includes our bodies as we are born from it as events evolve. If the cosmos was just lifeless material, it would be perfect tota simul, but the Universe is the creator of life and sentience and intelligence and consciousness in its living creatures. The choosing and rejecting of possibilities devolves to life by degrees, increasing until it is fully operating in conscious beings. Human affairs and history are contingent on our decisions, but the material world we emerge from is not for it is the realm of natural law. One of the most profound errors that modern science is making is to assume the Universe is inert purposeless and ruled only by chance events. Yet life, intelligence and consciousness cannot happen by chance. To occur they must be in the nature of the Universe so that it can bestow them. So far we have looked at the Universe at the level of the most fundamental actions we can discern; the positrons and electrons being organised into the structures of the cosmos. Our bodies and our world, so seemingly material and solid are ultimately actions and structures of actions; they are instantaneities of actions. Ultimately all is action, and that is the deepest level of creation and it is the deepest level of ourselves. We can then look back in time towards our ultimate origin. OUR ULTIMATE ORIGIN. If you have ever explored you family tree, as I have, you face an enormous multitude of ancestors doubling in numbers about every twenty years. They are over a million by the fifteenth century, but a full genetic history of every mother and father is impossible beyond 200 years because the records are incomplete. Your origins widen and widen inexorably and you have to conclude that you are the child of the whole human race. And unless you believe in Adam and Eve, and I do not, then the human race descended from pre human ancestors and these from earlier mammals and on back into evolution of life and finally the origins of life on Earth. Unless you believe that life began with a miracle, and I do not, then the progression of cause and effect carries us into the biochemical realm and then the origin of our planet from our star, and our star from the vast currents of our galaxy. We are stardust as the saying goes. In an infinite cosmos where galaxies generate further galaxies without end, where do we come from? We must conclude we are children of the cosmos. Our origin extends into limitless space and endless time. Any finite creature looking out into the cosmos, or looking back into past origins, or forwards into future descendants, is faced with an immensity fading into an impenetrable horizon. Each of us, and indeed every living creature, emerges out of this infinity of events as creation brings it all into order. Our origin is infinite; but is it contingent or is it inevitable? Seen universally our origin is complete all reconciled all one. It is done, and for us looking back in time it is the unalterable past, for it is the one supreme outcome of all the possibilities that formed us. Yet from our view point it seems to be contingent because we are conscious of human free will and independent decisions. Our freedom is the Universe`s freedom and all that we do freely is part of the supreme reconciliation. Each of us emerges from the infinity of previous events for there is only one Universe and only one reconciliation. What is accepted actualises into existence, and what is not accepted does not. There is no halo of rejected possibilities existing outside the Universe. They cannot exist because they cannot be reconciled. So what is the origin of each of us? It is infinite and universal, and came to pass because all previous generations of human beings have all played their part in it freely. What the Universe is and does it bestows on us. WE ARE INSTANTANEITIES. Every structure in the cosmos is a unity, an instantaneity of actions, which enables it to act. There is a unifying principle in all things and it stems from the ultimate reconciliation. That we see it all in multitude, extension and sequence is because we are in the midst of the one act of creation. Each finite entity is an instantaneity of actions because the Universe is an instantaneity. I argue that no individual thing could be a unity unless the whole Universe is a unity. There are different ways of looking at all this. Theology believes that the uncreated self-existent God, totally one complete and perfect, out of generosity creates the multitude of creatures ex nihilo, and maintains and orders them in time. Another view is that the ultimate Being eternally emanates the cosmos from its inexhaustible being, in the great chain of being proceeding in time. Modern atheists and materialists argue there is only chance actions of material things that come together to form the cosmos under laws of nature that operate in a common cosmic time. I argue that the Universe itself is eternal and infinite and creative. We exist within its Act, so for us it is ongoing as possibilities are chosen or rejected in an ongoing succession of events that we experience as time and endless change. From this we fashion our lives and our world as co-creators of the cosmos. We live in a house under construction- a building site, and we have a part to play in it. There is no cosmic time, only the succession of events within the act of creation that we experience at an individual standpoint and which is unique to it alone, its own time, our own now. There is no cosmic time only the times of innumerable standpoints within an infinite cosmos. But they do have one supreme thing in common; the reconciliation which gives a universal direction and coherence to all events and which we experience as the forward flow of time. Each of us is an instantaneity of actions, a microcosm of the cosmos. We are all different shapes and sizes but we are all marvels of structure; not just chance gatherings of atoms, but working functioning unities that live and think. That is instantaneity. It is just as marvellous and awesome whether it be a mouse a microbe or a molecule. Their unity comes from the Universe not from themselves; they are finite instantaneities within the universal instantaneity. We can act as one action because the Universe does. Our own instantaneity of actions is awesome. Estimates as to how many cells constitute the human body vary considerably but might be a hundred trillion 1014, How many molecules of every kind are within a cell might be fifty thousand, so 1018, then up to a thousand atoms in each of these large biological molecules, so 1021, then perhaps a hundred nucleons in each atom so 1023, and finally eighteen hundred electrons and positrons in each nucleon, so1026. All this mighty host of particles is organised and working together as long as you live. Only the Universe as a whole can do this. Whether it be an elephant or a mite on its back, it is still just as wonderful. We experience our instantaneity as our self and know it; the animals only act through their instantaneities and senses, and understand their environment by instinct. They use it but don’t know it. We, being conscious, can use it knowing we are doing so; we can act deliberately. But beneath our worldly conscious activities, our instantaneity holds our organism together, maintains our health, repairs our wounds, digests our food, and in sleep revitalises us. Without that awesome unity all creatures fall apart and disintegrate. Within every structure is this power and without it there is only disorder. Let us call all inorganic material things, from protons to molecules up to the advent of life, ’Instantaneities’ maintained in their unity by the universal power of creation. Then with the advent of life, they become ‘Organisms’ with an organising instantaneity within them we call their spirit. With independent motion, sensation and intelligence (however lowly), they become Animals and instinctive spirits. We ourselves, with consciousness and deliberate action are conscious spirits. Instantaneity is the common principle of all creatures, and all are within the supreme instantaneity – the tota simul, which gives unity and purpose. THE AUTONOMY OF LIFE. At some point in the structuring of organic molecules into greater unities, an autonomy emerges which we recognise as life. Living creatures can maintain their own unity by a barrier between themselves and the environment. Within their own controlled environment they can build up and hold their own structure taking in what they need and expelling what is harmful. Creation gives them the drive within to stay alive and procreate and in the long term, alter the planetary environment to suit the needs of life. Life is autonomy within a creative ongoing drive in one direction established by the universal reconciliation. It is not caused by chance events, by random mutations or by natural selection weeding out misfits; these are peripheral not central causes. The evolution of life is inevitable and part of an endless creation. It is like a river of events flowing in one direction. With the individual autonomy of life comes individual death. The autonomy of life is not independence from the Universe, nor can it avoid the onward flow of creation. All life, from viruses to people is individual instantaneities continually maintained by creation. This gives them their individual autonomy, but it is within an infinitely greater creation of the universal cosmos as the Universe reconciles all events into its universal instantaneity by which all finite entities can exist. It has supremacy; the One maintains the many by uniting them into the One. The many must constantly change as creation works within them and around them. No individual autonomy can endure for ever; even the mountains crumble, stars wax and wane and all life must die. Autonomy is not independence it is participation in creation, and so before living creatures die they bring forth new life. Creation works within them to create, even as it works outside them to maintain the cosmos. Life is like sandcastles on a beach. The tide comes in inexorably and washes them away, but they are constantly rebuilt. Judging from the environment that the Earth offers life, it is both life giving and congenial in the short term, and lethal in the long term. Nothing lives for long. Some trees endure for three thousand years, but what is that as billions pass? Creation works to bring us into existence and then maintain us in a most wondrous organic unity, but a far greater current of creation sweeps past us fashioning the cosmos, and like the tide erodes us away. If we start with the minor slings and arrows of misfortune: there are falls and cuts and human violence and traffic accidents and poisons and bad habits that destroy us. On wider scale there are the assaults of viruses, bacteria, moulds and parasites. The Earth takes the stage with plagues, storms, floods, earthquakes and eruptions. Our cosmic environment has no care for individuals either. The rocks beneath our feet in which unstable elements lurk, emit neutrons, alpha particles, gamma radiation and radioactive radon gas which provides us with a mild but constant bathing in radiation which must erode us over a lifetime. If we get a high dose we die very quickly. Then there is the deluge from above of high speed very high energy particles accelerating across the galaxy, and those being emitted from our Sun. Our thick atmosphere stops most of them but they shatter atoms causing showers of secondary particles that add to our radiation bath. This erosion ages us, fibrosing our tissues, and damaging and distorting cells. In particular it damages the cells that carry the genes for the next generation and is the cause of genetic defects of which there are legion. It is a marvel that 1026 particles can stay in one functioning unity for seventy or eighty years in the face of this onslaught. We can`t escape; we have to keep eating even though multitudes of germs are falling on our food all the time. Even more urgently we have to keep breathing air filled with unfriendly creatures and smoke and dust. But oxygen is vital and yet it is corrosive. As it combines with molecules within us it breaks into ionised radical molecules that are destructive of our cells over the years. But life fights back. All living creatures possess an immune system tailor made to their needs, which with great intelligence and energy works to eliminate damaged and cancerous cells, oxidised radicals, bacteria viruses and parasites, and fights for our integrity as long as we live. A balance is being struck between the needs of life and the creation of the cosmos. All finite creatures must make way for the supremacy of the ultimate reconciliation. Yet creation continues to create life and the many continue within the One. The world ages around us and still the world renews, for the children keep coming and keep the world alive. Every little girl is born with ovaries that are brand new and a stock of perfect ova. Every young male produces sperm every day that ate brand new. In our low radiation world the brand new stays well ahead of the damaged, at least as long as we don`t have a nuclear war. We can rebuild damaged cities but not a damaged reproductive power. We are co-creators and as conscious spirits we must maintain our world. All living creatures must die, their physical structure will disintegrate, but they are not just discarded, they continue to endure in a union of spirits. The spirits of all members of a species enter the unity of that species, which is the substrate and potentiality for the generation currently alive on the Earth. All species are embedded in a substrate of ancestral spirit that is the unity of that species and a repository of its cumulative experience which keeps it adaptive. Animals do the work of creation because it drives them, but human spirits can consciously co-operate. We don’t have to know what the ultimate purpose of creation is, all we need to do is keep ourselves alive and in good order, raise our families, look after one another, and care for the land and its life. Our autonomy as spirits gives us self-consciousness and self-will. The creative drive works within us to make us social, gregarious, maternal and paternal and amenable to instruction and training. As adults our autonomy operates within a social order, law and religious beliefs and an education imposed on our minds. In them is the sum total of our experience and learning, of which we have at least partial consciousness and can deliberately use. Because we are instantaneities, the whole of our body is instantly present to us, and all our experience and knowledge is present to us part consciously, part functionally, otherwise we could not remember and act. From our human point of view creation is the rejecting and choosing and the actualising of possibilities into order and that is what we do. For all creatures below the higher animals, possibilities are sorted out and acted upon by the creative drive that operates within them from their instincts. Among the higher animals there can be intelligent choosing of possibilities, as we can see, for instance with a leopard watching a herd of deer and estimating which one it can reach and kill. It has many choices to make using instinct, thinking and experience. Our own thinking is a conscious weighing up and choosing of the multitude of possibilities that constantly confront us. We are conscious deliberate agents of creation and this inevitably involves us in what is right and wrong, rational and stupid, constructive and destructive. The universal imperative is not some divine law imposed on us; it is the universal reconciliation that sets the direction of creation. OUR GENETIC UNITY If you try to trace the origin of any finite entity in this infinite and eternal Universe, you encounter infinities of opposite kinds. Suppose you attempt to trace your own origin. One path you can take is the genetic one. That is the set of genes and chromosomes in all your cells that unifies all your cells into one organism. The universal rationality, purpose and unity operate through that set of genes that maintains your physical and mental integrity. Looking back into the past, it originated you by a process of uniting and concentrating that has no beginning. The unique set of genes that construct your body has come together as your parents came together, as your four grand parents came together and so on and so on back and back into millions upon millions of mothers and fathers responsible for your existence. This concentration of the whole human genome towards each individual set of genes makes everyone absolutely unique; it means the human race is a unity, and is the vehicle of universal creation. What applies to our human race applies to the prehumen species we descended from, and back through the whole evolution of life on Earth. It is fairly easy to visualise the genetic unity of one species but more difficult to visualise the genetic unity of all life on Earth as species divide into separate lines of evolutionary descent over the millions of years. Yet all species have most ancient ancestors and belong to vast ancient families of species, and it remains one biosphere, one interlocking living system. Our origin widens out into the whole evolution of life on Earth, for that is definitely where our genes come from. Going back in time it widens out endlessly in multitude and extent. Going forward in time it concentrates inexorably on you alone. Staying with the human race, there is much more to our origins than the combining of genes. There are the myriad activities of people of every generation which brought your ancestors together. All their activities are involved directly or indirectly. Everything we do alters the circumstances of others whether we know it or not. All of human activity affects all of us and shapes our lives and brings about the origin of each of us. Our origin widens out exponentially, into the activities and unions of all our ancestors. But that is not all. We all have to eat and drink and it floods through us almost constantly and is drawn from the biosphere around us. The flesh of a great many animals and plants converge on each of us, and we work to draw them in. Our origin depends on that endless flow from the biosphere into our ancestors. This too is part of our origin, for those who starved to death did not procreate. Every parent has to have a body in order to pass on genes, so our origin is not just genetic, but physical and social. Our origin widens out into the whole biosphere of the planet and all the activities of all its creatures over millions of years. It is sometimes thought that to trace your genetic origin back to the beginnings of life, would be to end up with one primordial cell. But it does not concentrate to one, it widens and widens into a cosmic web of cause and effect and interacting and interlocking biochemistry. Life on Earth originates from the bio-chemical realm of organic and inorganic molecules gathered from interstellar space and forming the Sun, and the planets it birthed out. We originate ultimately from the atmosphere of our galaxy and what its stars produced. We cannot begin to comprehend how many atoms and molecules are involved as it widens out into the whole galaxy. We are children of the stars. But there is more; our galaxy draws electrons and positrons out of the universal vacuum into vast currents that feed electrical power and particles to every star. Our origin widens out into the Universe and there fades into the unity of wave functions and the Act of the Universe in uniting and separating, being many and One. We are children of the Universe, and that is why we embody its existence, its rationality, creativity and purpose. They are not accidental by products. We all represent what the Universe is. This is why we cannot be equated with computers. We are spirits birthed from the whole Universe. Computers and their artificial intelligence are only machines, products of human industry. Spirits are generated by mothers and fathers out of an immense lineage. Computers were assembled out of bits and pieces in a factory yesterday. I write to exalt humanity and emphasise the wonder of our existence, self-consciousness and power to act. I condemn the modern attitude that we are only physical bio machines, and computers are perhaps just as good, that people are expendable and some are better than others. Philosophy is not just the love of wisdom. It is the gift to marvel that we exist in such an extraordinary Universe and live among immortal spirits. It is because we are children of the Universe that we can be co- creators as we raise our children in this material earthly life, and will play a greater role when our immortal spirit enters the next life. As we advance in maturity in our second and third life, we will grow up into full spiritual adulthood; enter fully into the unity of Humanity and that of other races elsewhere. We will use our rationality and creative purpose to become part of the universal creation and be agents of the Harmoneia. The Universe is self-creative; it creates that which creates it. CONTINGENCY AND FREEDOM A PERSONAL ACCOUNT. We are children of the Universe; but is our existence contingent or inevitable? To be sure we have no part in our conception or what leads up to it. It was other people`s decisions freely made, and that is so for all our ancestors and all they decided and did. Does that make each of us contingent on everyone else`s free decisions? It seems it must be so. But then we in turn in our lifetime make free decisions that affect and change other lives, our freedoms remain but are all intertwined. It is disturbing to consider that the whole of the universal event, which obviously includes us and our busy lives, is already sorted out for good and all. This brings us to the ancient and perennial problem of what is foreordained and what is free. This has usually been debated in a religion where the One who foreordains everything is a transcendent God prior to and distinct from the world he rules. He has decided all in advance before we appear, and we, it seems just play out our allotted roles in a play already written. In the most inhumane interpretation each of us is foreordained to heaven or hell. Although God is said to be eternal and outside time, He is not for He decides in advance of creation. This implies He is in a sort of metatime with a before and after. His decisions are prior to our existences which He then observes. He has to be outside creation if He is transcendent to it otherwise He is part of creation acting within it as a guiding spirit. The argument I am putting forward is not a religious one and does not involve a personal God observing us and deciding our destiny. I speak of creation but I do not refer to a Creator. I speak of reconciliation but not of a Reconciler. We are within the reconciliation which is occurring now within our existence and we are playing a free and real part in it. The tota simul is perfected because we and every finite participant has played its part and has helped the reconciliation to be achieved in this life and in the life to come. However, from our finite standpoint within it all, coming in half way through, it is not complete for us. These are the days of our creation and we are co-creators. At every hour of our waking lives we make choices among the possibilities that endlessly confront and surround us. Yet the whole is destined to be fully reconciled and that gives us a coherent order we can co-create in. Why are we here in this century and why did we land in the place of our birth? Each of us is a possibility that came to pass; but think of all the possibilities that did not come to pass, all the children that could have been born if the events of the world had been different. If every man had married a different woman and every woman had married a different man, the permutations are astronomical, and the possible children they could have had is even more so. If you say that these dream children were never possible, you imply that the children that have actually been born were bound to be born. This implies a world of necessity instead of freedom, and that what happens has to happen. On the face of it that can seem to be so. The children actually born are the only reality and the past is totally closed and cannot be altered, and yet, back then all sorts of possibilities stood open and could have been chosen. In our own lives we all know we made choices about jobs, and lodgings and journeys and people we met, and it all led on to the one we married; it could have been different. The road our life has taken cannot be altered now but repeatedly then we encountered forks in the road and chose one and not the other, and as long as we live we continue to choose or reject. Each of us is so contingent, so seemingly the result of chance and choices now irrevocable but not then. I can`t write about your life but I can write about mine. In 1920, my father to be, lived in Salford, Manchester, and my mother to be lived in Wigan. She got a job as a nurse maid to a wealthy family in Salford. One afternoon on her day off she was sitting in Albert Park, Salford with friends, and on another park bench a young man also among friends kept looking over at her. The girls with her noticed and got the boys to come over, and that is now my father and mother met. Was that inevitable? But chance and choice still played with my possible existence for years after that. My father was a gambler and a cause of concern to his family. His grandfather in 1921 gave him a one way ticket to Montreal and arranged with the ship`s purser to hand him £100 when he left the ship. He was meant to make something useful with his life. My mother to be promised to wait for his return; she had to wait a long time. Within days of leaving the ship the £100 had been lost on the horses. He told me that he got a job in a lumber camp north of Montreal as the cook. He didn`t have a clue. The first night he was told to bake bread for all the lumberjacks for breakfast. He spent all night getting nothing right and before dawn fled for his life and hitched his way back to the city. Flat broke he had to take whatever menial job he could find. He travelled across Canada sometimes riding the rods underneath the railway wagons. He could have been killed. In Vancouver he was offered work in the far north of British Columbia and then spent years up there as a fur trapper, gold prospector, Hudson Bay Company factor, forest ranger, and finally worked in a sliver mine. In the winter he travelled by dog sledge. He wrote to my mother to be every month and promised to build a house out there and then she could come over. In the winter of 1927 he reached the Alaskan coast at Nome with his partner, an old gold prospector and veteran of the Klondyk gold rush. Believe it or not, they had the wild idea of crossing the Bering Strait over the ice using dogs and then travelling into Siberia in search of gold. Their knowledge of geography was somewhat vague and long years in the wilderness seem to have left them ignorant of the current state of Russia. They managed to get across the ice, which he told me was constantly cracking under them, but when they were within sight of the Siberian shore they were fired on by soldiers and had to turn back. I`m glad they did otherwise they would have perished in a Siberian labour camp and I would not be here. In early 1929 my grandmother wanted him to come back home. She wrote to say she was very ill and he must return. It was a fib to get him back. My mother had been waiting eight long years. He sold his silver mine shares for a big profit, (this was a few months before the stock market crash of the autumn of 1929). He sailed back to England, married my mother in November 1929 and I was born in October 1930. Was I contingent, the result of chance and choices? I certainly was, we all are if we know our family history. Everything my father did could have been different; my mother could have given up waiting and married someone else. The possibilities of just two lives are almost limitless; lives, careers and children are made out of this. ARE THERE ALTERNATIVE UNIVERSES? We find what is possible out of the multitude of events our cosmos confronts us with. Some we choose and act upon, the rest we do not actualise. We can speculate about all the deeds not done, the decisions not taken, the lives we could have lived differently, the other children that might have been. This mystery doesn’t just affect our own conscious deliberate decisions. It has been a long running problem in quantum physics. From intensive study of the interactions and behaviour of particles and atoms, we have listed the various different ways in which these interactions can occur. There is usually an assortment of different particles, neutrinos, radiation often bearing different amounts of energy, and we know how often they occur: say 71% for one and 2% for another. We know all that, but we do not know what particular outcome any reaction will have in advance. The Universe as a whole decides that; but what about the outcomes we don’t observe, that don’t occur? If you do not accept that there is a purpose that is establishing the cosmos, and a rationality guiding it, then it can only be random chance, and why should one outcome be more likely than any other? Do all outcomes have the same reality but in different universes? Just consider the `number` of particles and atoms in the infinite cosmos and all the interactions incessantly occurring, and all the alternative outcomes for all these interactions happening all over those universes for ever. Those who speculate about separate universes for every possible outcome to exist in; - an infinity of infinities - are demanding universes faster than even the Almighty could keep up with. It is all ridiculous; there is only one Universe, one universal cosmos, because there is only one reconciliation of all possibilities that can result in a coherent consistent rational unitary cosmos. It would seem that the reconciliation is under a necessity of coherence and consistency, but this must follow from its rationality and unity. We have to distinguish between different notions of the Infinite. The universal cosmos is infinite in extent, duration, multitude, and in itself it is tota simul one and perfect. It is the work of the rationality purpose and oneness of the Universe. The only other Infinity is the unordered wilderness of all possibilities not chosen into order and rationality. When we speculate about such an infinity we are projecting our speculations onto the cosmos and proposing they are realities. The cosmos is an ordered and complete unitary infinity holding together and so can exist. It differs profoundly from the endlessly limitlessly escalating infinities of speculation on quantum or human events. Their unlimited alternative universes are not ordered unitary infinities. Their possibilities escalate endlessly ceaselessly without purpose or rationality and do not come to a unity or completeness, they just go on and on and cannot achieve tota simul. They are only the speculations we make about what might have been but did not happen and which we project onto the only reality. What is the Reality we exist in? It is infinite enough and it is ordered and one. It is the cosmos and outside it there is only the limitless unordered as an alternative we only imagine. The Universe avoids it. It is the Apeiron of ancient Creek philosophy that Anaximander wrote about; outside the cosmos of order, like a wilderness beyond the walls of a city. The universal cosmos is infinite enough for it has no beginning and cannot end for it is self-creating. It is the universal Oroboros where “end and beginning are one”. This means that when we look into the future (for us) we are not looking into a nothingness from which possibilities emerge from nothing, but at the cosmos already present but still unfolding for us. What has already unfolded for us is our past complete and unalterable. For us possibilities emerge out of what we call the future, but they are always what the cosmos presents to us from its events now. There is only the cosmos within which we can act in and find what is possible. It is the present state of the cosmos for us, our present moment we can only exist in – our Now. The past is closed and completed and we can only remember it. Our future is not yet, we cannot exist in it. It is only a notion in our minds. There is only the present state of the cosmos for us, we can never leave our Now we can only wait for the cosmos to continue and present us with our personal eventum. That is where our possibilities come from and nowhere else. To put it in a nutshell; past and future are only in our minds, we only exist in our present which our eventum provides. Our own present moment is not the present moment of the cosmos which is eternal and infinite and has no local standpoint. When we have chosen and acted, that is the reality, and it is so because this is the moment of creation now. What we did not do is only a memory. It cannot be projected onto reality as if it could exist. In the physical realm where natural law reigns supreme, what occurs is inevitable as every suitable possibility is fitted into one complete order. We who have listed all alternative outcomes of quantum events, only observe what the Universe chooses, the rest of our list is rejected because it cannot be reconciled into one infinite order. Our lists of what did not happen are only in our memories and records. All the alternatives rejected are a phantasmagoria that could not be ordered, reconciled and united. It is inchoate infinity and can only exist in our minds. So, in reality there are no dream children, only real ones, only radium atoms that fission when they actually do so, only one universal cosmos, only a future for us which always presents an ordered cosmos we can choose from. There is only one total array of numbers in the order we find them in. We are co-creators doing in our tiny way what the Universe does; we choose possibilities from the order always available. However, there is this difference; the Universe has no beginning, is complete, - an Oroboros, it has no future, no past, and all that it chooses is from itself and no other. For the Universe there are no possibilities as we know them, only its own reality. It self-creates as it draws from itself. THE INNOCENT SPIRIT AND THE ADAPTED SELF. Our standpoint places us at the midpoint of our creation where what was potential and dispersed over the cosmos has become concentrated into an instantaneity of one body and one spirit. For you and me this has just happened and we are new born spirits, weak, ignorant and immature. In this earthly life we are only just beginning our growing up into spiritual adulthood. This is our midpoint, where all that causes us to be a unity comes together from all the cosmos. That unity, that instantaneity that we are is brought about by the rationality, purpose and creativity which is the very nature of the Universe and is devolved to life. As all the materials finally concentrates into our body, so also the rationality purpose and coherence driving that concentration comes together as our own rationality, purpose and consciousness. That is our spirit which unifies organises and maintains our bodily organism. This wisdom of the body is not in our consciousness but in the force of nature within us, maintaining our circulation, digestion, hormone levels, immune-system and so on. That level of our spirit is deep and natural and innocent. It is our Soul. At a deep unconscious level it works to establish and maintain our mental integrity as well. To keep our mind in one piece and keep it integrated into the reality of our society and environment. The just born innocent natural spirit has to adapt to the people it arrives amongst, and the physical world it must survive in. That spirit must adapt by concentrating upon its immediate situation and direct its natural powers to survive in that situation. It has to become a spirit which is an individual self, adapting to a particular environment. Individual spirits become adaptive selves and capable adults. It is the combined work of the inner spirit creating our growth, and the outer world with its pressures to cause adaptation. The universal tendencies work within us to unify our self and to develop our self into individuality. Our natural innocent spirit working deep within us is the centre of our mental and emotional integrity. It works to keep us whole and sane. People around us, as well as our natural world, may work to injure and disintegrate our adaptive self within which we try to cope with the world. There are many damaged children, and splintered selves. The adaptive self can become selfish and hard under the pressures of life, but the innocent spirit never does and can be the voice of our conscience and our compassion and empathy. THE OROBOROS.

Image available on the internet.

Creation ceaselessly develops structures until they become organisms with autonomy able to maintain and propagate themselves. They are individual instantaneities with the creative drive delegated within them. The One shares its powers with the many, and the instantaneities become spirits, and this is possible because they are actions not things. We share in the attributes and powers of the Universe and spirits grow in maturity as the Universe shares what it has with them. They become sensate, rational, conscious and deliberate as they reach the human level and can then take part in the creation of the cosmos. What is created works to create what will be created. The Universe is self-creating because it has no beginning; it is an endless circle of Act. Like the Oroboros it uses itself to create itself. It confronts itself for it cannot leave itself, it is an endless circle. All created spirits drawn from the oneness are also oroboros in various degrees of completeness. What they lack in completeness, the universal creative drive within them provides as their instinctual equipment to cope with life. Because they are not complete they are not conscious of themselves and do not see or confront themselves and do not consciously direct their actions. THE RESPONSIBILITY OF LIFE In an eternal and infinite Universe the spirit of each of us has no beginning and no ending. It emerges from the infinite into the finite, actualises into the physical cosmos as an individual human consciousness. It is the one universal spirit active in all of us and therefore we all have the same experience of being conscious. All of us sharing the one spirit is a human qualia, and we know it as our own consciousness. We at our finite human standpoint recognise it as the rationality and purpose ordering the cosmos. Beyond that it cannot be analysed further and because there is no beginning or end it is an endless circle self creating, self-sustaining, and what it creates, creates it. The universal spirit acts in the non -living through natural law and in the living through instinct, intelligence and consciousness. It operates within each of us to maintain our life reason and consciousness, and give us our creative and moral drive. Life is not a side product, it is essential to the Universe for it leads on to conscious action of individual spirits which ultimately combine together in spiritual union, at a level remote to us mortals now, and take part in the ongoing creation of the cosmos. The autonomy of life is essential in the universal scheme of things. It enables living organisms, even the lowliest, to be no longer absolutely ruled by natural necessity but to have some degree of autonomy of action – a degree of freedom simply because they are self-contained and have individuality. It is freedom of action which is the most distinguishing attribute of life. In contrast, the various ways a particle can act is decided by the Universe not the particle. The Universe uses the freedom that life possesses to decide and actualise one action from the many confronting living creatures. This brings about one cosmos from the Apeiron of possibility. Of course life is governed by its biochemistry and physiology which enables it to live and operate, but within those constraints it has a freedom in the way it hunts, feeds, mates and wanders, it is not an automaton and it is set apart from the material world, though it is obviously under the constraints of its environment. There still remains a freedom to choose between possibilities, (not consciously of course until the human level is reached) and so some possibilities are actualised and the rest never enter existence in the cosmos. All of life acts to create the cosmos from the unlimited Apeiron of possibility. Life has this freedom because the universal spirit continually becomes many and its creative drive, rationality and purpose act in each one. Because this is so life evolves towards conscious individual spirits who can willingly enter into the creating of the cosmos and round off the circle of existence. But with life comes death, for its individuals must defer to the greater activities that create and maintain the whole cosmos. Inevitably life is driven by self-centred needs for it can only exist on a finite planetary surface and its finite resources, and so must devour other life and recycle it. All living creatures, whatever their level of evolution are individual spirits of the one universal spirit but they are immersed in a physical organism. This requires them to be self-contained and focused on their immediate environment, making them adaptive selves. An embodied spirit which must adapt into a specific environment is a self – an adaptive spirit. The spirit originating from the Universe has the rationality to maintain the organism and provide the drive to procreate, while its adaptive aspect focuses on its environment. Spirit acts within, but self acts outward. Spirit is always innocent, the growing point that drives creatures to increase the species, nurture their young and behave selflessly for them, even as the ferocious crocodile is gentle with its hatchlings. It is the adaptive self acting in a world of struggle and danger that keeps the individual alive during its brief life. Spirit and self are the selfless and the selfish, the long term and the short term. Death releases the innocent spirit from the physical body and its urgent needs and self-centredness. The spirits of animals cease to be embodied and enter the union of all the spirits of their species. There is no consciousness as we know it, but it is for them the ongoing consolidation of the experience of that species and the logic of their evolution. The species is maintained, adapted and evolved by its unity of discarnate spirit. Death removes the self and leaves the selfless spirit as the one uniting the many. It takes creation onward in a long term species wide way. In brief: self-centred freedom decides and chooses one set of possibilities from the Apeiron, and death opens the way for the selfless spirit to reconcile that one set that life has brought about. Both life and death are essential in the universal scheme of things. Random genetic mutation and natural selection of the best adapted are not the essential driving forces in the advance of life. Within any species is the driving force of spirit which is its logic; which guides it onward and brings it the great metamorphoses that change one species into the next. Behind and within the seemingly chaotic events of a multitude is a slow but inevitable wisdom independent of chance. On a planet all its species evolve together as a growing biosphere which changes the planetary surface, atmosphere and oceans to the advantage of life. We human beings of this mortal generation are centred on the solitary self yet we yearn to be close to one another and share our experiences and be loved. We are many seeking to be one. We are not animals that must devour each other in endless tumult, but we still live together in an uneasy and unstable balancing of division and harmony, love and hate, generosity and grasping, and this will always be so. Death releases us all from this disorder and imperfection and then we mature into a union of spirits engaged in the co-creation of the cosmos. Because the cosmos is really actions and sets of actions it is immaterial and more like a mind than an engine or a building. We experience its weaving and structuring in our own minds as thinking which is a human qualia and includes decision and willing. Emotions are qualia of the nervous system and hormones that affect our whole body. Ultimately it is all actions all the way down to the protons and electrons of our atoms. The qualia of our materiality and our pains and pleasures are overwhelmingly real to us; they connect us closely to our environment and ensure our self-preservation. To see the world and ourselves as purely material is a false philosophy, denying spirit and exalting empty chance. It sees the cosmos as if it were a car engine and we need only find all the parts and how they fit together. I see it more like a thought in a mind but I don`t go to the other extreme and humanise the Universe into an individual creator outside the cosmos and beyond ourselves. In this universalist system of thought that I am proposing, the Universe is around us as the many and within us as the One. The material cosmos stretching away endlessly about us is that aspect of the universal event, prior to our present moment, which is now actualised and irrevocable. That aspect of the event yet to actualise about us is what we anticipate to be our future. From our point of view possibilities actualise from it into the reality of our lives. The cosmos, already existing for us, draws from that cosmos an unceasing flow of events that we experience as time – another human qualia. Time and place within the cosmos is our experience of being in the eternal and the infinite. The cosmos cannot be evolving for it is not in time nor set in a space, it is tota simul perfect in operation and all the time that all finite creatures exist in is within it, and so to us it must seem a progression of events and incomplete. The ultimate nature of the Universe is a profound mystery, a duality of opposites it alone can reconcile. We are to play a part in creation not as a gracious gesture to us but as essential agents in the whole scheme. It all works because it is perfect in its working, yet in its timeless moment it is continually eventful because it is drawing endless possibilities from itself in a perpetual growth. Linear thinking is not sufficient; the Universe acts as an endless circle acting on itself. Creation is the dynamic of existence and it requires as a sine qua non that it be without beginning or end. It cannot be linear but must be circular drawing endlessly on what is already created to create further and so creation must grow endlessly. As we must see it from within the cosmos, creation draws further possibilities compatible with the already existing cosmos. There has to be unity and logical cohesion or it would fall apart into the Apeiron. The Universe creates a coherent infinity. The difference between the cosmos and the Apeiron is not in the size of infinities but in the qualities of unity, rationality and purpose. The cosmos is reality; the Apeiron of possibility is only the potential as the cosmos draws from it. Creation requires an existing coherent cosmos from which further possibilities can be drawn for further creation, so it has to be eternal and it has to have one common logic by which possibilities can be combined together to form one cosmos. I have often in this book spoken of possibilities as if, in some way, they are real and the ultimate substance or materia prima. This was only for convenience of argument. The Universe and its living agents draw them from the infinite ordered cosmos, and its unlimited infinity of possibility is the Apeiron, and what is not used does not exist elsewhere. The ultimate substrate is beyond the most fundamental particles we have discovered. Their actions manifest a logic which is universal and not in any way individual. This is the rationality purpose and drive in all things and that is the universal spirit and it can be compared to a mind and it is all of Life which contains it and represents it. The ultimate substrate of the Universe is spirit and it remains one in all levels of the cosmos and therefore all must follow a common rationality. In the next life as we grow closer together in union and understanding, we will recognise the rationality and purpose of the universal spirit that was always within us, and we will work as co-creators of the cosmos. Each of us has a part to play both in this earthly life and in the next life in the spirit. In our second life, there is no distance except affinity between spirits and instant meetings. There is no time except changes in experience. There is no material cosmos for we have shed our material body and live in the shared mind of Humanity. We are always actions interacting with actions, and while we live in a material body we experience the materiality of this world. This passes away along with Sun Moon and stars and the solid Earth, and we then live and progress in the ultimate substrate of actions and the Spirit One and many that guides all into Order. QUOTATIONS OF INTEREST. The world has many centres, one for each created being, and already each one lies in its own circle. You stand but half a yard from me, and yet about you lies a universe whose centre I am totally unaware. And I on the other hand, stand in the centre of mine. For our universes are not far from each other so that they do not touch, rather has God pushed them and interwoven them deep within each other”. Thomas Mann. The majority of the scientific world is not animated by a scientific desire to know the truth but is in the grip of a psychological urge to disallow what is disturbingly unfamiliar.” G.N.M Tyrell. “The more one reflects on the nature of light matter and gravitation, the more one realises that there are problems connected with them that are quite insoluble in terms of our current notions. But we no longer reflect intelligently on these things”. Herbert Dingle. “Physics is mathematical not because we know so much about the physical world but because we know so little. Mathematics may be indispensable to physics but it obviously does not constitute physics”. Bertrand Russell. “All reality is one in substance, one in cause, one in origin, and every particle is composed inseparably of the physical and the psychic. Giordano Bruno. “Even major modifications of present physical theories would not transform them into the desired new theory, as quite different and novel ideas are required; the need is for a whole revolution of thought, which can be carried through only by nonconformists.” Werner Heisenberg. “Time is nature`s way to keep everything from happening all at once”. Anon. “There are three stages in the popular attitude towards a great discovery: First people doubt its existence, then they deny its importance, and finally they give credit to the wrong person.” Alexander von Humboldt. “Most of the fundamental ideas of science are essentially simple and may, as a rule, be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone.” Einstein. “Two birds – inseparable companions perch on the same tree. One eats the fruit – the other looks on. The first bird is our individual self, feeding off the pleasures and pains of this world; the other is the Universal Self silently witnessing all.” Mundaka Upanishad. “Never the spirit was born; the spirit shall cease to be – never. Never was time it was not; end and beginning are dreams. Birthless and deathless and changeless remaineth the spirit for ever; death hath not touched it at all, dead though the house of it seems.” Bhagavad Gita. Wisdom is the principal thing therefor get Wisdom; and with all thy getting get understanding. Exalt her and she shall promote thee; She shall bring thee to honour when thou dost embrace her. She shall give to thine head an ornament of grace; a crown of glory shall she deliver to thee. Proverbs ch. 4 vs. 1 – 9. --------------------------------

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Further chapters describing our immortal nature and future will be added later.

Under the title ‘THIS IS THE ROAD WE WILL ALL TRAVEL’

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER SIX.

AN ORGANIC VIEW OF THE COSMOS

HOW STAR FORKMING CURRENTS OPERATE 280

HOW STARFORMING CURRENTS ORIINGATE 282

WHAT KIND OF CURRENTS ARE THEY? 284

HOW CURRENTS FORM STARS 288

STARS ARE POSITIVE ANODES 290

THE SURFACES OF STARS 293

PLASMA IN SPACE 295

A SPIRITUAL VIEW OF THE UNIVERSE

OUR HUMAN SITUATION 300

OUR ULTIAMATE ORIGIN 303

WE ARE INSTANTANEITIES 304

THE AUTONOMY OF LIEE 306

OUR GENETIC UNITY 310

CONTINCENCY AND FREEDOM A PERSONAL ACCOUNT 312

ARE THERE ALTERNATE UNIVERSES? 315

THE INNOCENT SPIRIT AND THE ADAPTED SELF 318

THE OROBOROS (illustration) 319

THE RESPONSIBILITY OF LIFE. 320

QUOTATIONS OF INTEREST 326

BIBLIOGRAPHY 328

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